Nestled in the heart of Pakistan’s cultural capital, Multan, lies the enigmatic Qila Kohna (Old Fort)—a crumbling yet captivating relic that has stood witness to over two millennia of conquests, spirituality, and resilience. Known as one of South Asia’s oldest forts, Multan Fort’s history is a tapestry woven with the threads of Hindu dynasties, Islamic empires, and colonial powers. This article uncovers its secrets, explores its architectural genius, and reveals why this fortress remains a cornerstone of Pakistan’s heritage.
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| Qila Kohna (Old Fort of Multan) |
Chapter 1: The Birth of Multan Fort – Myth, Faith, and Archaeology
Legends of Divine Origins
Local lore claims Multan Fort was built by Hindu deity Krishna or the mythical king Keshava Deva around 3000 BCE. These tales, passed down through generations, highlight the fort’s spiritual significance as a site where gods and mortals once coexisted.
Archaeological Clues
While myths abound, historians trace the fort’s origins to the Mauryan Empire (322–185 BCE). Excavations reveal brickwork and pottery dating to this era, aligning with Greek accounts of Alexander the Great’s encounter with the “City of Gold” (Multan) in 326 BCE. The Greek historian Arrian described it as a “stronghold of the Malli,” guarded by a formidable fortress—a likely reference to Qila Kohna.
The Sun Temple: A Lost Wonder
Before Islamic rule, Multan Fort housed a revered Sun Temple, mentioned in 10th-century texts by Arab geographer Al-Masudi. Adorned with gold and precious stones, the temple attracted pilgrims until Mahmud of Ghazni’s invasion in 1005 CE.
Why It Matters: The blend of myth and archaeology makes Multan Fort a symbol of South Asia’s layered history.
Chapter 2: Multan Fort Through the Ages – Empires, Battles, and Bloodshed
The Hindu Shahis: Guardians of the Frontier (9th–11th Century CE)
The Hindu Shahi dynasty fortified Multan to repel Arab invaders. Their reign ended in 712 CE when Muhammad bin Qasim, the Umayyad general, seized the fort during the conquest of Sindh.
Ghaznavids and the Looting of the Sun Temple
In 1005 CE, Mahmud of Ghazni razed the Sun Temple, hauling its treasures to Afghanistan. His invasion marked the fort’s transition from a Hindu stronghold to an Islamic citadel.
The Mughal Era: Akbar’s Renaissance
The Mughal Emperor Akbar rebuilt Multan Fort in the 16th century, adding iconic gates like Dawer Darwaza and Khizri Darwaza (named after the saint Khizr). The fort became a hub for trade, governance, and military strategy.
Sikh Rule and British Destruction
- 1818 Siege: Sikh ruler Ranjit Singh bombarded the fort for months, leaving its walls in ruins.
- British Colonialism: After the 1848 Multan Revolt, the British dismantled the fort’s walls, repurposing bricks for railways—a literal erasure of history.
Key Insight: Each conqueror left scars, but none could erase the fort’s indomitable legacy.
Chapter 3: Architectural Genius – Design, Gates, and Hidden Wonders
The Fort’s Layout: A Masterclass in Defense
Spanning 1.6 kilometers with 46 bastions and 6 gates, Multan Fort was designed to withstand sieges. Its elevated position (Damdama) provided a strategic vantage point over the Ravi River and city.
Surviving Structures
- Damdama: The fort’s highest point, offering panoramic views of Multan’s skyline.
- Ghanta Ghar: The British-built clock tower standing atop fort ruins.
- Shrines of Saints: The tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam, a 14th-century Sufi saint, lies within the complex, blending Islamic architecture with spiritual reverence.
The Mystery of the Six Gates
Only two gates survive today:
- Dawer Darwaza: The main entrance, once guarded by Mughal troops.
- Khizri Darwaza: Linked to the legend of Khizr, the immortal prophet who guided travelers.
Pro Tip: Visit at sunrise to capture the fort’s golden hues—a photographer’s dream.
Chapter 4: Sufism, Saints, and the Soul of Multan Fort
The Sufi Connection
Multan, dubbed the “City of Saints,” owes its spiritual fame to the fort. Sufi mystics like Baha-ud-Din Zakariya and Shah Rukn-e-Alam preached tolerance here, turning the fort into a beacon of peace amid turmoil.
Legends of Hidden Treasures
Locals whisper about a cursed treasure buried beneath the fort, guarded by jinns (spirits). Others believe saintly miracles protect the ruins—stories that keep the fort alive in folklore.
Visitor Experience: Attend the annual Urs festival at Shah Rukn-e-Alam’s shrine for a spiritual deep dive.
Chapter 5: The Fort’s Decline – Wars, Weather, and Neglect
Natural and Man-Made Disasters
- River Ravi’s Wrath: Floods eroded the fort’s foundations over centuries.
- Colonial Vandalism: The British demolished 80% of the structure post-1848.
Modern-Day Preservation Efforts
Organizations like the Walled City of Multan Authority are restoring shrines and gardens. UNESCO has added the fort to Pakistan’s Tentative World Heritage List, sparking hope for revival.
Chapter 6: Visiting Multan Fort – A Traveler’s Guide
Practical Information
- Location: Central Multan, near Ghanta Ghar.
- Entry Fee: Free (donations accepted at shrines).
- Best Time to Visit: November–February (cool weather).
- Nearby Attractions:
- Hussain Agahi Bazaar: For handicrafts and Multani blue pottery.
- Tomb of Shah Shams Sabzwari: A 13th-century Sufi shrine.
Tips for Explorers
- Wear comfortable shoes—the terrain is uneven.
- Hire a local guide (₹500–₹1000) to decode hidden histories.
Chapter 7: FAQs – Answering Your Curiosities
Q: Who built Multan Fort?
A: Likely the Mauryans (300 BCE), though myths credit ancient Hindu rulers.
Q: Can you enter Multan Fort today?
A: Yes, but only parts remain accessible, including shrines and Damdama.
Q: Why is Multan Fort famous?
A: Its 2,500-year history as a crossroads of empires and religions.
Conclusion: Why Multan Fort Deserves a Spot on Your Bucket List
Multan Fort isn’t just ruins—it’s a living chronicle of resilience, faith, and cultural fusion. By preserving its stories, we honor the millions who lived, fought, and prayed within its walls.
Call to Action: Share this article to spread awareness or plan your visit to Multan—the “City of Saints” awaits!
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